Differences in Treatment Patterns and Outcomes of Acute Myocardial Infarction for Low- and High-Income Patients in 6 Countries.

Importance: Differences in the organization and financing of health systems may produce more or less equitable outcomes for advantaged vs disadvantaged populations. We compared treatments and outcomes of older high- and low-income patients across 6 countries. Objective: To determine whether treatment patterns and outcomes for patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction differ for low- vs high-income individuals across 6 countries. Design, Setting, and Participants: Serial cross-sectional cohort study of all adults aged 66 years or older hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction from 2013 through 2018 in the US, Canada, England, the Netherlands, Taiwan, and Israel using population-representative administrative data. Exposures: Being in the top and bottom quintile of income within and across countries. Main Outcomes and Measures: Thirty-day and 1-year mortality; secondary outcomes included rates of cardiac catheterization and revascularization, length of stay, and readmission rates. Results: We studied 289 376 patients hospitalized with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and 843 046 hospitalized with non-STEMI (NSTEMI). Adjusted 30-day mortality generally was 1 to 3 percentage points lower for high-income patients. For instance, 30-day mortality among patients admitted with STEMI in the Netherlands was 10.2% for those with high income vs 13.1% for those with low income (difference, -2.8 percentage points [95% CI, -4.1 to -1.5]). One-year mortality differences for STEMI were even larger than 30-day mortality, with the highest difference in Israel (16.2% vs 25.3%; difference, -9.1 percentage points [95% CI, -16.7 to -1.6]). In all countries, rates of cardiac catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention were higher among high- vs low-income populations, with absolute differences ranging from 1 to 6 percentage points (eg, 73.6% vs 67.4%; difference, 6.1 percentage points [95% CI, 1.2 to 11.0] for percutaneous intervention in England for STEMI). Rates of coronary artery bypass graft surgery for patients with STEMI in low- vs high-income strata were similar but for NSTEMI were generally 1 to 2 percentage points higher among high-income patients (eg, 12.5% vs 11.0% in the US; difference, 1.5 percentage points [95% CI, 1.3 to 1.8 ]). Thirty-day readmission rates generally also were 1 to 3 percentage points lower and hospital length of stay generally was 0.2 to 0.5 days shorter for high-income patients. Conclusions and Relevance: High-income individuals had substantially better survival and were more likely to receive lifesaving revascularization and had shorter hospital lengths of stay and fewer readmissions across almost all countries. Our results suggest that income-based disparities were present even in countries with universal health insurance and robust social safety net systems.

The Practice of Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesiology in the United States.

BACKGROUND: With advances in surgical and catheter-based interventions and technologies in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), the practice of pediatric cardiac anesthesiology has evolved in parallel with pediatric cardiac surgery and pediatric cardiology as a distinct subspecialty over the past 80 years. To date, there has not been an analysis of the distribution of pediatric cardiac anesthesiologists relative to cardiac and noncardiac procedures in the pediatric population. The primary aim is to report the results of a survey and its subsequent analysis to describe the distribution of pediatric cardiac anesthesiologists relative to pediatric cardiac procedures that include surgical interventions, cardiac catheterization procedures, imaging studies (echocardiography, magnetic resonance, computed tomography, positron emission tomography), and noncardiac procedures. METHODS: A survey developed in Research Electronic Data Capture (REDcap) was sent to the identifiable division chiefs/cardiac directors of 113 pediatric cardiac anesthesia programs in the United States. Data regarding cardiac surgical patients and procedures were collected from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database (STS-CHD). RESULTS: This analysis reveals that only 38% (117 of 307) of pediatric cardiac anesthesiologists caring for patients with CHD pursued additional training in pediatric cardiac anesthesiology, while 44% (136 of 307) have gained experience during their clinical practice. Other providers have pursued different training pathways such as adult cardiac anesthesiology or pediatric critical care. Based on this survey, pediatric cardiac anesthesiologists devote 35% (interquartile range [IQR], 20%-50%) of clinical time to the care of patients in the cardiac operating room, 25% (20%-35%) of time to the care of patients in the cardiac catheterization laboratory, 10% (5%-10%) to patient care in imaging locations, and 15% covering general pediatric, adult, or cardiac patients undergoing noncardiac procedures. Attempts to actively recruit pediatric cardiac anesthesiologists were reported by 49.2% (29 of 59) of the institutions surveyed. Impending retirement of staff was anticipated in 17% (10 of 59) of the institutions, while loss of staff to relocation was anticipated in 3.4% (2 of 59) of institutions. Thirty-seven percent of institutions reported that they anticipated no immediate changes in current staffing levels. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of currently practicing pediatric cardiac anesthesiologists have not completed a fellowship training in the subspecialty. There is, and will continue to be, a need for subspecialty training to meet increasing demand for services especially with increase survival of this patient population and to replace retiring members of the workforce.

Hospital Characteristics and Early Enrollment Trends in the American College of Cardiology Voluntary Public Reporting Program.

Importance: Limited data exist regarding the characteristics of hospitals that do and do not participate in voluntary public reporting programs. Objective: To describe hospital characteristics and trends associated with early participation in the American College of Cardiology (ACC) voluntary reporting program for cardiac catheterization-percutaneous coronary intervention (CathPCI) and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) registries. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study analyzed enrollment trends and characteristics of hospitals that did and did not participate in the ACC voluntary public reporting program. All hospitals reporting procedure data to the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR) CathPCI or ICD registries that were eligible for the public reporting program from July 2014 (ie, program launch date) to May 2017 were included. Stepwise logistic regression was used to identify hospital characteristics associated with voluntary participation. Enrollment trends were evaluated considering the date US News & World Report (USNWR) announced that it would credit participating hospitals. Data analysis was performed from March 2017 to January 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures: Hospital characteristics and participation in the public reporting program. Results: By May 2017, 561 of 1747 eligible hospitals (32.1%) had opted to participate in the program. Enrollment increased from 240 to 376 hospitals (56.7%) 1 month after the USNWR announcement that program participation would be considered as a component of national hospital rankings. Compared with hospitals that did not enroll, program participants had increased median (IQR) procedural volumes for PCI (481 [280-764] procedures vs 332 [186-569] procedures; P < .001) and ICD (114 [56-220] procedures vs 62 [25-124] procedures; P < .001). Compared with nonparticipating hospitals, an increased mean (SD) proportion of participating hospitals adhered to composite discharge medications after PCI (0.96 [0.03] vs 0.92 [0.07]; P < .001) and ICD (0.88 [0.10] vs 0.81 [0.12]; P < .001). Hospital factors associated with enrollment included participation in 5 or more NCDR registries (odds ratio [OR],1.98; 95% CI, 1.24-3.19; P = .005), membership in a larger hospital system (ie, 3-20 hospitals vs ≤2 hospitals in the system: OR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.65-3.17; P = .001), participation in an NCDR pilot public reporting program of PCI 30-day readmissions (OR, 2.93; 95% CI, 2.19-3.91; P < .001), university affiliation (vs government affiliation: OR, 3.85, 95% CI, 1.03-14.29; P = .045; vs private affiliation: OR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.35-3.57; P < .001), Midwest location (vs South: OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.06-2.08; P = .02), and increased comprehensive quality ranking (4 vs 1-2 performance stars in CathPCI: OR, 8.08; 95% CI, 5.07-12.87; P < .001; 4 vs 1 performance star in ICD: OR, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.48-3.44; P < .001) (C statistic = 0.829). Conclusions and Relevance: This study found that one-third of eligible hospitals participated in the ACC voluntary public reporting program and that enrollment increased after the announcement that program participation would be considered by USNWR for hospital rankings. Several hospital characteristics, experience with public reporting, and quality of care were associated with increased odds of participation.

Rural-Urban Disparities in Outcomes of Myocardial Infarction, Heart Failure, and Stroke in the United States.

BACKGROUND: U.S. policy efforts have focused on reducing rural-urban health inequities. However, it is unclear whether gaps in care and outcomes remain among older adults with acute cardiovascular conditions. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate rural-urban differences in procedural care and mortality for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure (HF), and ischemic stroke. METHODS: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study of Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries aged ≥65 years with acute cardiovascular conditions from 2016 to 2018. Cox proportional hazards models with random hospital intercepts were fit to examine the association of presenting to a rural (vs urban) hospital and 30- and 90-day patient-level mortality. RESULTS: There were 2,182,903 Medicare patients hospitalized with AMI, HF, or ischemic stroke from 2016 to 2018. Patients with AMI were less likely to undergo cardiac catherization (49.7% vs 63.6%, P < 0.001), percutaneous coronary intervention (42.1% vs 45.7%, P < 0.001) or coronary artery bypass graft (9.0% vs 10.2%, P < 0.001) within 30 days at rural versus urban hospitals. Thrombolysis rates (3.1% vs 10.1%, P < 0.001) and endovascular therapy (1.8% vs 3.6%, P < 0.001) for ischemic stroke were lower at rural hospitals. After adjustment for demographics and clinical comorbidities, the 30-day mortality HR was significantly higher among patients presenting to rural hospitals for AMI (HR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.12), HF (HR: 1.15; 95% CI: 1.13 to 1.16), and ischemic stroke (HR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.18 to 1.22), with similar patterns at 90 days. These differences were most pronounced for the subset of critical access hospitals that serve remote, rural areas. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical, public health, and policy efforts are needed to improve rural-urban gaps in care and outcomes for acute cardiovascular conditions.

Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair in COAPT-Ineligible Patients: Incidence and Predictors of 2-Year Good Outcome.

BACKGROUND: COAPT-trial entry criteria are useful to identify patients with better outcomes after transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER). However, up to one-half of real-world patients with secondary mitral regurgitation (SMR) undergoing TEER do not meet these highly selective criteria and no study has formally investigated them. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictors of good outcome after TEER in COAPT-ineligible patients. METHODS: All consecutive patients with SMR and heart failure (HF) treated with MitraClip at 3 European centres were retrospectively screened. The presence of at least 1 COAPT exclusion criterion was used to define a COAPT-ineligible profile, allowing the inclusion in the study population. Freedom from all-cause death or HF hospitalisation was evaluated at 2-year follow-up (primary end point). RESULTS: A total of 305 patients (47%) had a COAPT-ineligible profile. An overall 58% rate of all-cause death or HF hospitalisation was detected at 2 years. Patients with a single COAPT exclusion criterion experienced fewer adverse events than those with multiple criteria (55% vs 69%). At multivariable Cox regression analysis, New York Heart Association functional class II, younger age (< 75 years), lower serum creatinine (< 2 mg/dL), lower left ventricular end-diastolic volume (< 240 mL), and the absence of hemodynamic instability, atrial fibrillation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were independently associated with good outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In this real-world series of patients with SMR undergoing TEER, a COAPT-ineligible profile was common. The presence of only 1 COAPT exclusion criterion or the absence of hemodynamic instability were associated with the most favourable outcomes.

Resource Utilization Following Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography and Stress Echocardiography in Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department With Chest Pain.

This study aimed to assess long-term resource utilization and outcomes in patients with acute chest pain who underwent coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and stress echocardiography (SE). This was a retrospective, propensity-matched analysis of health insurance claims data for a national sample of privately insured patients over the period January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2014. There were 3,816 patients matched 1:1 who received either CCTA (n = 1,908) or SE (n = 1,908). Patients were seen in the emergency department (ED) between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2011 with a primary diagnosis of chest pain and received either CCTA or SE within 72 hours as the first noninvasive test and maintained continuous enrollment in the database from the time of the ED encounter through December 31, 2014. All individual patient data were censored at 3 years. Compared with SE, CCTA was associated with higher odds of downstream cardiac catheterization (9.9% vs 7.7%, adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00 to 1.63), future noninvasive testing (27.7% vs 22.3%, AOR 1.22, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.42), and return ED visits or hospitalization for chest pain at 3 years (33.1% vs 24.2%, AOR 1.37, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.59). There were no statistically significant differences in new statin use (15.5% vs 14.9%, AOR 1.04, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.28), coronary revascularization (2.7% vs 2.2%, AOR 1.25, 95% CI 0.77 to 2.01) or hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction (0.9% vs 0.9%, AOR 0.96, 95% CI 0.47 to 1.99). In conclusion, in patients who present to the ED with chest pain, CCTA is associated with increased downstream resource utilization compared with SE with no differences in long-term cardiovascular outcomes.

Transcatheter Mitral Valve Therapy in the United States: A Report From the STS-ACC TVT Registry.

Data for nearly all patients undergoing transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) and transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) with an approved device in the United States is captured in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons/American College of Cardiology Transcatheter Valve Therapy Registry. All data submitted for TEER or TMVR between 2014 and March 31, 2020, are reported. A total of 37,475 patients underwent a mitral transcatheter procedure, including 33,878 TEER and 3,597 TMVR. Annual procedure volumes for TEER have increased from 1,152 per year in 2014 to 10,460 per year in 2019 at 403 sites and for TMVR from 84 per year to 1,120 per year at 301 centers. Mortality rates have decreased for TEER at 30 days (5.6%-4.1%) and 1 year (27.4%-22.0%). Early off-label use data on TMVR in mitral valve-in-valve therapy led to approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2017, and the 2019 30-day mortality rate was 3.9%. Overall improvements in outcomes over the last 6 years are apparent. (STS/ACC TVT Registry Mitral Module; NCT02245763).

Cardiopulmonary function findings of pediatric patients with patent ductus arteriosus.

ABSTRACT: Transcatheter occlusion and surgical ligation are the treatments of choice for most patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in children. Fifty-five children who had PDA completed a pulmonary function test and a symptom-limited treadmill exercise test from 2016 to 2018 at 1 medical center in southern Taiwan. The study group was divided into surgical ligation and catheterization groups, which were compared to a healthy control group matched for age, sex, and body mass index. Data about the performance on the exercise test, including metabolic equivalent at anaerobic threshold and peak, were analyzed. No differences in the pulmonary function and ventilatory parameters were observed between the surgery, catheterization, and control groups. Heart rate at peak and at anaerobic threshold significantly differed in the investigated groups. The post hoc analysis showed that the surgery group had a lower heart rate at peak and threshold compared to the catheterization and control groups (P = .02, P < .001, respectively). No significant difference was found between the catheterization group and the control group. A larger and younger group of patients were recruited, allowing for newer data about the cardiopulmonary function to be obtained. The findings suggest that patients with PDA could undergo physical training after intervention. The imposition of restrictions to limit sports activities should be avoided.

Association of Socioeconomic Disadvantage With Long-term Mortality After Myocardial Infarction: The Mass General Brigham YOUNG-MI Registry.

Importance: Socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with poor health outcomes. However, whether socioeconomic factors are associated with post-myocardial infarction (MI) outcomes in younger patient populations is unknown. Objective: To evaluate the association of neighborhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage with long-term outcomes among patients who experienced an MI at a young age. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study analyzed patients in the Mass General Brigham YOUNG-MI Registry (at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts) who experienced an MI at or before 50 years of age between January 1, 2000, and April 30, 2016. Each patient's home address was mapped to the Area Deprivation Index (ADI) to capture higher rates of socioeconomic disadvantage. The median follow-up duration was 11.3 years. The dates of analysis were May 1, 2020, to June 30, 2020. Exposures: Patients were assigned an ADI ranking according to their home address and then stratified into 3 groups (least disadvantaged group, middle group, and most disadvantaged group). Main Outcomes and Measures: The outcomes of interest were all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Cause of death was adjudicated from national registries and electronic medical records. Cox proportional hazards regression modeling was used to evaluate the association of ADI with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Results: The cohort consisted of 2097 patients, of whom 2002 (95.5%) with an ADI ranking were included (median [interquartile range] age, 45 [42-48] years; 1607 male individuals [80.3%]). Patients in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods were more likely to be Black or Hispanic, have public insurance or no insurance, and have higher rates of traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes. Among the 1964 patients who survived to hospital discharge, 74 (13.6%) in the most disadvantaged group compared with 88 (12.6%) in the middle group and 41 (5.7%) in the least disadvantaged group died. Even after adjusting for a comprehensive set of clinical covariates, higher neighborhood disadvantage was associated with a 32% higher all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.10-1.60; P = .004) and a 57% higher cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.17-2.10; P = .003). Conclusions and Relevance: This study found that, among patients who experienced an MI at or before age 50 years, socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality even after adjusting for clinical comorbidities. These findings suggest that neighborhood and socioeconomic factors have an important role in long-term post-MI survival.

Factors that influence whether patients with acute coronary syndromes undergo cardiac catheterisation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the availability of invasive coronary angiography at the hospital of presentation influences catheterisation rates for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and whether presenting to a catheterisation-capable hospital is associated with better outcomes for patients with ACS. DESIGN, SETTING: Retrospective cohort study; analysis of Cooperative National Registry of Acute Coronary Events (CONCORDANCE) data. SETTING, PARTICIPANTS: Adults admitted with ACS to 43 Australian hospitals (including 31 catheterisation-capable hospitals), February 2009 - October 2018. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Major adverse cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, congestive heart failure, cardiogenic shock, cardiovascular death) and all-cause deaths in hospital and by six and 12- or 24-month follow-up. RESULTS: The proportion of women among the 5637 patients who presented to catheterisation-capable hospitals was smaller than for the 2608 patients who presented to hospitals without catheterisation facilities (28% v 33%); the proportion of patients diagnosed with ST elevation myocardial infarction was larger (32% v 20%). The proportions of patients who underwent catheterisation (81% v 70%) or percutaneous coronary intervention (49% v 35%) were larger for those who presented to catheterisation-capable hospitals. The baseline characteristics of patients who underwent catheterisation were similar for both presentation hospital categories, as were rates of major adverse cardiovascular events and all-cause death in hospital and by 6- and 12- or 24-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Although a larger proportion of patients who presented to catheterisation-capable hospitals underwent catheterisation, patients with similar characteristics were selected for the procedure, independent of the hospital of presentation. Major outcomes for patients were also similar, suggesting equitable management of patients with ACS across Australia.

Impact of sex differences on outcomes in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation undergoing left atrial appendage closure: A single-center experience.

Female patients affected by non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) have a higher risk of stroke compared with male patients. Left atrial appendage (LAA) closure has been demonstrated as a reasonable alternative to warfarin therapy for stroke prevention in patients with NVAF. However, the impact of sex-related differences on outcomes in patients undergoing LAA closure (LAAC) remains unclear. Our study investigated the differences in LAAC efficacy and safety endpoints between sexes. 387 consecutive patients undergoing WATCHMAN device implantation were enrolled and stratified by sex. Baseline clinical characteristics, procedural data, severe peri-procedural complications and long-term outcomes were compared between men and women. Measurements of LAA width and depth, device implantation success rate, and the frequency of severe peri-procedural complications were comparable between the two groups. After an average follow-up length of two years post LAAC, no significant differences were observed in the risks for composite thromboembolic events (P = 0.096), major bleeding (P = 0.129), and combined primary (co-primary) efficacy events (P = 0.231) between sexes, but the risk of all-cause death decreased significantly in women compared with men (P = 0.045). After performing propensity matching adjustment for residual confounders, the sex-related differences in the cumulative ratio of freedom from all-cause death did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.062), as was also observed with the cumulative ratio of freedom from composite thromboembolic events (P = 0.104), major bleeding (P = 0.134), and co-primary efficacy events (P = 0.241). The observed annual rate of thromboembolic events was significantly decreased by 67.1% (P < 0.01) and 52.5% (P < 0.05) and the observed annual rate of bleeding was reduced by 33.6% (P < 0.05) and 43.5% (P < 0.05) in men and women when compared with the predicted risk based on CHA2DS2VASc score and HAS-BLED score, respectively. LAAC can be considered as an effective and safe strategy in preventing thromboembolic events and decreasing bleeding risks in NVAF patients, regardless of sex. LAAC appears to normalize the sex-specific differences in NVAF patients both in terms of safety and efficacy.

Relation of Institutional Mitral Valve Surgical Volume to Surgical and Transcatheter Outcomes in Medicare Patients.

There are limited data to support proposed increases to the minimum institutional mitral valve (MV) surgery volume required to begin a transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVr) program. The current study examined the association between institutional MV procedure volumes and outcomes. All 2017 Medicare fee-for-service patients who received a TMVr or MV surgery procedure were included and analyzed separately. The exposure was institutional MV surgery volume: low (1 to 24), medium (25 to 39) or high (40+). Outcomes were in-hospital mortality and 1-year postdischarge mortality and cardiovascular rehospitalization. For MV surgery patients, in-hospital mortality rates were 6.4% at low-volume, 8.7% at medium-volume and 9.8% at high-volume facilities. Rates were significantly higher for low-volume [OR = 1.50, 95% CI (1.23 to 1.84)] and medium-volume [OR = 1.33, 95% CI (1.06 to 1.67)] compared with high-volume facilities. There was no statistically significant relationship between institutional MV surgery volume and in-hospital mortality for TMVr patients, either at low-volume [OR = 1.52, 95% CI (0.56, 4.13)] or medium-volume [OR = 1.58, 95% CI (0.82, 3.02)] facilities, compared with high-volume facilities. Across all volume categories, in-hospital mortality rates for TMVr patients were relatively low (2.3% on average). For both cohorts, the rates of 1-year mortality and cardiovascular rehospitalizations were not significantly higher at low- or medium-volume MV surgery facilities, as compared with high-volume. In conclusion, among Medicare patients, there was a relation between institutional MV surgery volume and in-hospital mortality for MV surgery patients, but not for TMVr patients.

Reasons for Screen Failure for Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair and Replacement.

Despite an expanding armamentarium of devices, many patients with mitral regurgitation referred for transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVr) or replacement (TMVR) do not meet strict clinical trial inclusion and exclusion criteria. We sought to understand the rates that patients were excluded from transcatheter mitral valve therapies and reasons why. We retrospectively analyzed the medical charts and correspondence related to patients referred to our tertiary valve center for TMVr or TMVR between June 2016 and September 2019. Patients were screened for eligibility by our structural Heart Team for either TMVr or TMVR. If TMVr or TMVR was not offered, the reason for screen failure was recorded and categorized. Over the 3-year period, 564 patients were referred for TMVr and orTMVR. Out of these, 15.9% were determined to be eligible for, and underwent, surgical repair or replacement. Ninety-two patients (16.3%) underwent TMVr or TMVR. The majority of patients (343 of 564, 60.8%) ultimately did not undergo intervention. The primary reason for exclusion was clinical in 38.5%, issues related to patient preference of care delivery in 38.8%, anatomical in 13.7%, and futility in 9.0%. In contemporary real-world practice, the majority of patients with mitral regurgitation referred for transcatheter therapies are excluded. Clinical trials testing new transcatheter devices should be encouraged to record and report reasons for screen failure and follow these patients to better understand optimal timing of intervention, address challenging anatomies, and, ultimately, improve penetrance of these novel therapies.

Cardiopatías congénitas, tratamiento quirúrgico y sus complicaciones en población pediátrica del Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso, 2017 - Agosto 2019 / Congenital heart diseases, surgical treatment and complications in pediatric sample of Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso, 2017-August 2019.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El corazón es el órgano más comúnmente afectado por anormalidades congénitas, con una incidencia de 0.8 por cada 100 nacidos vivos. Cerca de dos tercios de todos los procedimientos son en la actualidad realizados antes del año de edad, lo que mejora la sobrevida y la calidad de vida. Este estudio busca determinar cuáles son las principales intervenciones quirúrgicas realizadas para tratar las cardiopatías congénitas y sus complicaciones. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal; con 70 pacientes pediátricos diagnosticados y tratados quirúrgicamente por cardiopatías congénitas. Los datos fueron tomados de las historias clínicas mediante un formulario. El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando el programa SPSS versión 15. RESULTADOS: La mediana de la edad fue de 1.1 años, el 60% fueron de sexo femenino. El 90% de las cardiopatías fueron no cianógenas. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue la persistencia del conducto arterioso (58.57%), seguido de la comunicación interventricular (12.86%). Según el tipo de procedimiento el 58.57% se realizaron para cierre de persistencia del conducto arterioso y un 12.86% fueron reparaciones quirúrgicas para cierre de comunicación interventricular. La mediana de estadía en la unidad de cuidados intensivos fue de 4 días y la mediada de estadía en la sala general de 5 días. La principales complicaciones observadas en esta población pediátrica sometida a un procedimiento quirúrgico fueron: la neumonía (11.4%) y la sepsis de origen no especificado (8.6%). CONCLUSIÓN: Los tratamientos para las cardiopatías congénitas se realizaron a edades tempranas (Media =2.5 ± 3.2 años). Más de la mitad de los procedimientos quirúrgicos realizados para cardiopatías quirúrgicas fueron para corregir la persistencia del conducto arterioso y la principal complicación fue la neumonía.

BACKGROUND: The heart is the most commonly affected organ by congenital diseases, with and incidence of 0.8 per 100 newborns. Nearly two thirds of all the surgical procedures are now a days performed before the first year of life, improving survival rate and life quality. This study aims to determine the frequency of the surgical interventions performed to treat congenital heart diseases and its complications. METHODS: An observational, descriptive cross sectional study was carried out; with 70 pediatric patients diagnosed and surgically treated for congenital heart diseases. The data was collected from the patient's medical records using a form. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 15 software. RESULTS: The median age was 1.1 years, 60% of the sample were women. 90% of the heart diseases were non-cyanogenic. The most frequent diagnosis was: persistence of the arterial duct (58.57%), followed by interventricular communication (12.86%). The type of procedures corresponds to the heart disease, thus 58.57% were performed for closure of arterial duct persistence and 12.86% were surgical repairs for closure of interventricular communication. The median stay in the intensive care unit was 4 days and the median stay in general hospitalization room was 5 days. The main complications in this pediatric population undergoing a surgical procedure were: pneumonia (11.4%) and sepsis of unspecified origin (8.6%). CONCLUSION: Treatment for heart diseases were performed at early ages (average age= 2.5±3.2). More than half of the surgical procedures for congenital heart disease were performed to correct the persistence of the ductus arteriosus, the main complication was pneumonia.

Gender Issues in Italian Catheterization Laboratories: The Gender-CATH Study.

Background Women represent an increasing percentage of interventional cardiologists in Italy compared with other countries. However, gaps exist in understanding and adapting to the impact of these changing demographics. Methods and Results We performed a national survey to analyze demographics, gender-based professional difference, needs in terms of catheterization laboratory (Cath-Lab) abstention, and radiation safety issues in Italian Cath-Lab settings. A survey supported by the Italian Society of Interventional Cardiology (Società Italiana di Cardiologia Interventistica-Gruppo Italiano di Studi Emodinamici SICI-GISE) was mailed to all SICI-GISE members. Categorical data were compared using the χ2 test. P<0.05 was considered significant. There were 326 respondents: 20.2% were <35 years old, and 64.4% had >10 years of Cath-Lab experience. Notably, 26.4% were women. Workload was not gender-influenced (women performed "on-call" duty 69.8% versus men 68.3%; P=0.97). Women were more frequently unmarried (22.1% women versus 8.7% men; P=0.002) and childless (43.9% versus 56.1%; P<0.001). Interestingly, 69.8% of women versus 44.6% of men (P<0.001) argued that pregnancy/breastfeeding negatively impacts professional skill development and career advancement. For Cath-Lab abstention, 38.9% and 69.6% of respondents considered it useful to perform percutaneous coronary intervention robotic simulations and "refresh-skill" sessions while they were absent or on return to work, respectively, without gender differences. Overall, 80% of respondents described current radioprotection counseling efforts as inadequate and not gender specific. Finally, 26.7% faced some type of job discrimination, a significantly higher proportion of whom were women. Conclusions Several gender-based differences exist or are perceived to exist among interventional cardiologists in Italian Cath-Labs. Joint strategies addressing Cath-Lab abstention and radiation exposure education should be developed to promote gender equity in interventional cardiologists.

Comparison of Outcomes Among Patients With Cardiogenic Shock Admitted on Weekends Versus Weekdays.

Cardiogenic shock (CS) is associated with high mortality and often requires involvement of a multidisciplinary provider team to deliver timely care. Care coordination is more difficult on weekends, which may lead to a delay in care. We sought to assess the effect of weekend admissions on outcomes in patients admitted with CS. Patients admitted with CS were identified from 2005 to 2014 in the National Inpatient Sample using ICD9 code 785.51. Baseline demographics, in-hospital procedures, and outcomes were obtained and compared by day of admission. A multivariable model was used to assess the impact of weekend admission on in-hospital mortality. A total of 875,054 CS admissions were identified (age 67.4 ± 15.1 years, 40.2% female, 72.1% Caucasian), with 23% of patients being admitted on weekends. Baseline co-morbidities were similar between groups. Weekend admissions were associated with higher in-hospital mortality (40.6% vs 37.5%) and cardiac arrest (20.3% vs 18.1%, p < 0.001 for both) consistently over the study period. Use of temporary and permanent mechanical support devices and heart transplantation were slightly less common for weekend admissions. In a multivariable model adjusting for relevant confounders, weekend admission was associated with a 10% increased mortality in patients with CS. In conclusion, patients with CS admitted on weekends had higher in-hospital mortality and were slightly less likely to receive mechanical support and advanced therapies compared with those admitted on weekdays. Future studies and health system initiatives should focus on rectifying these disparities with around-the-clock multidisciplinary coordinated care for CS.

Comparison of Hospitalization Trends and Outcomes in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients With Versus Without Opioid Use Disorder.

Discrepancies in medical care are well known to adversely affect patients with opioid abuse disorders (OUD), including management and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients with OUD. We used the National Inpatient Sample was queried from January 2006 to September 2015 to identify all patients ≥18 years admitted with a primary diagnosis of AMI (weighted N = 13,030; unweighted N = 2,670) and concomitant OUD. Patients using other nonopiate illicit drugs were excluded. Propensity matching (1:1) yielded 2,253 well-matched pairs in which intergroup comparison of invasive revascularization strategies and cardiac outcomes were performed. The prevalence of OUD patients with AMI over the last decade has doubled, from 163 (2006) to 326 cases (2015) per 100,000 admissions for AMI. The OUD group underwent less cardiac catheterization (63.2% vs 72.2%; p <0.001), percutaneous coronary intervention (37.0% vs 48.5%; p <0.001) and drug-eluting stent placement (32.3% vs 19.5%; p <0.001) compared with non-OUD. No differences in in-hospital mortality/cardiogenic shock were noted. Among subgroup of ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients (26.2% of overall cohort), the OUD patients were less likely to receive percutaneous coronary intervention (67.9% vs 75.5%; p = 0.002), drug-eluting stent (31.4% vs 47.9%; p <0.001) with a significantly higher mortality (7.4% vs 4.3%), and cardiogenic shock (11.7% vs 7.9%). No differences in the frequency of coronary bypass grafting were noted in AMI or its subgroups. In conclusion, OUD patients presenting with AMI receive less invasive treatment compared with those without OUD. OUD patients presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarction have worse in-hospital outcomes with increased mortality and cardiogenic shock.

Characteristics and Long-term Outcomes of Pulmonary Venoocclusive Disease Induced by Mitomycin C.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary venoocclusive disease (PVOD) is an uncommon form of pulmonary hypertension (PH) predominantly characterized by pulmonary vein and capillary involvement. An association between chemotherapy, in particular mitomycin C (MMC), and PVOD has been reported. RESEARCH QUESTION: What are the characteristics of MMC-induced PVOD, and what is the prognosis for patients with MMC-induced PVOD? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We report the clinical, functional, radiologic, and hemodynamic characteristics at diagnosis and outcomes of patients with PVOD from the French PH Registry after exposure to MMC. The results are expressed as the median (minimum-maximum). RESULTS: From June 2011 to December 2018, 17 incident cases of MMC-induced PVOD were identified. At diagnosis, these patients had severe clinical and functional impairment, with 12 patients having a New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class of III or IV and a 6-min walk distance of 220 (0-465) m. Right heart catheterization confirmed severe precapillary PH with a mean pulmonary artery pressure of 38 (30-52) mm Hg, a cardiac index of 2.2 (1.5-4) L/(min × m2), and pulmonary vascular resistance of 8.3 (5.1-14.5) Wood units. The diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide was markedly decreased at 31% (20%-51%) of the theoretical values associated with severe hypoxemia. MMC was withdrawn for all patients, and 14 patients received specific pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) therapies. Among these patients, mild but statistically insignificant improvements were observed in NYHA functional class (P = .10), 6-min walk distance (P = .09), and pulmonary vascular resistance (-4.7 Wood units; P = .052) at reassessment (median delay of 4.8 months). Three patients experienced pulmonary edema requiring the cessation or reduction of PAH treatment. The median overall survival was 20 months, and the 6-, 12-, and 24-month survival rates were 76%, 58%, and 18%, respectively. INTERPRETATION: PVOD after MMC treatment is a rare but life-threatening complication associated with a poor prognosis despite MMC withdrawal and PAH-specific therapy.

Clinically relevant adverse cardiovascular events in intermediate heart score patients admitted to the hospital following a negative emergency department evaluation.

STUDY HYPOTHESIS: Study objective: To estimate the frequency of clinically relevant adverse cardiac events (CRACE) in patients admitted to the hospital for chest pain with an intermediate HEART score (4, 5, 6), non-diagnostic EKG, and a negative initial troponin. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of all patients admitted to the University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC) from May 2016 to May 2019 with an intermediate HEART score (4, 5, or 6), a non-diagnostic EKG, and a negative initial troponin. Our primary outcome was the rate of inpatient clinically relevant adverse cardiac events (CRACE), composite of life-threatening dysrhythmia, inpatient STEMI, cardiac or respiratory arrest, and all-cause mortality during hospitalization. RESULTS: A total of 1118 patients met our inclusion criteria, 6 of whom had CRACE. Overall the rate of CRACE was 0.5% (95% CI, 0.2-1.2%). Six patients (0.5%, 95% CI, 0.2%-1.2%) experienced inpatient NSTEMIs, 212 patients (19%, 95% CI, 17-21%) underwent provocative testing during their inpatient stay, 5 patients received a stent or CABG, and 5 patients had false positive non-invasive testing and underwent a negative cardiac catheterization. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of admitted patients with a documented intermediate-risk HEART score, nonischemic EKG, and negative initial troponin, the occurrence of CRACE during the index hospitalization was 0.5%.